Association between breakfast frequency and physical activity and sedentary time : a cross-sectional study in children from 12 countries

Zakrzewski-Fruer, Julia K. and Gillison, Fiona B. and Katzmarzyk, Peter T. and Mire, Emily F. and Broyles, Stephanie T. and Champagne, Catherine M. and Chaput, Jean Philippe and Denstel, Kara D. and Fogelholm, Mikael and Hu, Gang and Lambert, Estelle V. and Maher, Carol and Maia, José and Olds, Tim and Onywera, Vincent and Sarmiento, Olga L. and Tremblay, Mark S. and Tudor-Locke, Catrine and Standage, Martyn and Lambert, Denise G. and Barreira, Tiago and Butitta, Ben and Cocreham, Shannon and Drazba, Katy and Harrington, Deirdre and Johnson, William and Milauskas, Dione and Tohme, Allison and Rodarte, Ruben and Amoroso, Bobby and Luopa, John and Neiberg, Rebecca and Rushing, Scott and Olds, Timothy and Lewis, Lucy and Ferrar, Katia and Georgiadis, Effie and Stanley, Rebecca and Matsudo, Victor Keihan Rodrigues and Matsudo, Sandra and Araujo, Timoteo and De Oliveira, Luis Carlos and Rezende, Leandro and Fabiano, Luis and Bezerra, Diogo and Ferrari, Gerson and Bélanger, Priscilla and Borghese, Mike and Boyer, Charles and Wang, Yue (2019) Association between breakfast frequency and physical activity and sedentary time : a cross-sectional study in children from 12 countries. BMC Public Health, 19 (1). 222. ISSN 1471-2458 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6542-6)

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Abstract

Background: Existing research has documented inconsistent findings for the associations among breakfast frequency, physical activity (PA), and sedentary time in children. The primary aim of this study was to examine the associations among breakfast frequency and objectively-measured PA and sedentary time in a sample of children from 12 countries representing a wide range of human development, economic development and inequality. The secondary aim was to examine interactions of these associations between study sites. Methods: This multinational, cross-sectional study included 6228 children aged 9-11 years from the 12 International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment sites. Multilevel statistical models were used to examine associations between self-reported habitual breakfast frequency defined using three categories (breakfast consumed 0 to 2 days/week [rare], 3 to 5 days/week [occasional] or 6 to 7 days/week [frequent]) or two categories (breakfast consumed less than daily or daily) and accelerometry-derived PA and sedentary time during the morning (wake time to 1200 h) and afternoon (1200 h to bed time) with study site included as an interaction term. Model covariates included age, sex, highest parental education, body mass index z-score, and accelerometer waking wear time. Results: Participants averaged 60 (s.d. 25) min/day in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), 315 (s.d. 53) min/day in light PA and 513 (s.d. 69) min/day sedentary. Controlling for covariates, breakfast frequency was not significantly associated with total daily or afternoon PA and sedentary time. For the morning, frequent breakfast consumption was associated with a higher proportion of time in MVPA (0.3%), higher proportion of time in light PA (1.0%) and lower min/day and proportion of time sedentary (3.4 min/day and 1.3%) than rare breakfast consumption (all p ≤ 0.05). No significant associations were found when comparing occasional with rare or frequent breakfast consumption, or daily with less than daily breakfast consumption. Very few significant interactions with study site were found. Conclusions: In this multinational sample of children, frequent breakfast consumption was associated with higher MVPA and light PA time and lower sedentary time in the morning when compared with rare breakfast consumption, although the small magnitude of the associations may lack clinical relevance. Trial registration: The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) is registered at (Identifier NCT01722500).

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