Evaluating inertia estimation methods in low-inertia power systems : a comprehensive review with analytic hierarchy process-based ranking

Tools

Abouyehia, Mohamed and Egea-Àlvarez, Agustí and Ahmed, Khaled H. (2025) Evaluating inertia estimation methods in low-inertia power systems : a comprehensive review with analytic hierarchy process-based ranking. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 217. 115794. ISSN 1879-0690 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115794)

[thumbnail of Abouyehia-etal-RSER-2025-Evaluating-inertia-estimation-methods-in-low-inertia-power-systems]
Preview
 Text. Filename: Abouyehia-etal-RSER-2025-Evaluating-inertia-estimation-methods-in-low-inertia-power-systems.pdf
Final Published Version
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 logo
Download (4MB)| Preview

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review of inertia estimation methods, with a particular emphasis on the challenges posed by the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). It examines a broad spectrum of inertia estimation methods, ranging from traditional swing equation-based methods to cutting-edge advancements such as machine learning and real-time analytics. These estimation methods are systematically categorised and evaluated based on key performance metrics including accuracy, simplicity, computational efficiency, and robustness against noise. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to identify the most suitable methods for low-inertia systems with high renewable energy penetration. The evaluation also includes an assessment of the temporal operational modes and the implementation requirements for the estimation methods. This leads to detailed recommendations on the most appropriate application environments for each method, considering factors such as system scale and generation mix. Existing challenges and future directions related to inertia estimation are also discussed.

ORCID iDs

Abouyehia, Mohamed ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8569-4763, Egea-Àlvarez, Agustí ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-6699 and Ahmed, Khaled H. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7912-8140;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)