Kynurenic acid may underlie sex-specific immune responses to COVID-19

Cai, Yuping and Kim, Daniel J. and Takahashi, Takehiro and Broadhurst, David I. and Yan, Hong and Ma, Shuanagge and Rattray, Nicholas J. W. and Casanovas-Massana, Arnau and Israelow, Benjamin and Klein, Jon and Lucas, Carolina and Mao, Tianyang and Moore, Adam J. and Muenker, M. Catherine and Oh, Ji Eun and Silva, Julio and Wong, Patrick and Ko, Albert I. and Khan, Sajid A. and Iwasaki, Akiko and Johnson, Caroline H. (2021) Kynurenic acid may underlie sex-specific immune responses to COVID-19. Science Signaling, 14 (690). eabf8483. ISSN 1945-0877 (https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.abf8483)

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Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has poorer clinical outcomes in males than in females, and immune responses underlie these sex-related differences. Because immune responses are, in part, regulated by metabolites, we examined the serum metabolomes of COVID-19 patients. In male patients, kynurenic acid (KA) and a high KA–to–kynurenine (K) ratio (KA:K) positively correlated with age and with inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and negatively correlated with T cell responses. Males that clinically deteriorated had a higher KA:K than those that stabilized. KA inhibits glutamate release, and glutamate abundance was lower in patients that clinically deteriorated and correlated with immune responses. Analysis of data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project revealed that the expression of the gene encoding the enzyme that produces KA, kynurenine aminotransferase, correlated with cytokine abundance and activation of immune responses in older males. This study reveals that KA has a sex-specific link to immune responses and clinical outcomes in COVID-19, suggesting a positive feedback between metabolites and immune responses in males.

ORCID iDs

Cai, Yuping, Kim, Daniel J., Takahashi, Takehiro, Broadhurst, David I., Yan, Hong, Ma, Shuanagge, Rattray, Nicholas J. W. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3528-6905, Casanovas-Massana, Arnau, Israelow, Benjamin, Klein, Jon, Lucas, Carolina, Mao, Tianyang, Moore, Adam J., Muenker, M. Catherine, Oh, Ji Eun, Silva, Julio, Wong, Patrick, Ko, Albert I., Khan, Sajid A., Iwasaki, Akiko and Johnson, Caroline H.;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)