Selling antibiotics without prescriptions among community pharmacies and drug outlets : a simulated client study from Ghana

Ngyedu, Eric Kofi and Acolatse, Joseph and Akafity, George and Incoom, Robert and Rauf, Audu and Seaton, R. Andrew and Sneddon, Jacqueline and Cameron, Elaine and Watson, Margaret and Wanat, Marta and Godman, Brian and Kurdi, Amanj (2023) Selling antibiotics without prescriptions among community pharmacies and drug outlets : a simulated client study from Ghana. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 21 (12). pp. 1373-1382. ISSN 1744-8336 (https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2023.2283037)

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Abstract

Background Selling antibiotics without prescriptions is mostly illegal worldwide, including in Ghana, and promotes antimicrobial resistance. We evaluated the prevalence and practice of selling antibiotics without prescriptions among community pharmacies (CPs) and drug outlets, for the first time, in Ghana to quantify and characterize this issue to inform future interventions. Research design and methods Two scenarios utilizing the Simulated Client Methodology were enacted: an upper respiratory tract infection of viral origin (scenario one); and pediatric diarrhea (scenario two). CPs/Outlets were selected by stratified proportional random sampling from four metropolitan cities (~14% of the total Ghanaian population). Selling of antibiotics was assessed at three demand levels and its overall prevalence was estimated, then stratified by the study variables. Results Out of the 265 sampled CPs/outlets, the prevalence of selling antibiotic without prescription was 88.3% (n = 234/265), with variations not only across the four regions [92.5% (n = 123/133) in Kumasi, 87.5% (n = 14/16) in Cape Coast, 84.1% (n = 69/82) in Accra, and 82.4% (n = 28/34) in Tamale] but also across CPs [90% (n = 121/134)] and drug outlets [86% (n = 113/131)]. Conclusions A very high prevalence/sub-optimal practice of selling antibiotics without prescriptions was found. This highlights the need to increase compliance with antibiotic dispensing legislation through evidence-based interventions including education of key stakeholders.

ORCID iDs

Ngyedu, Eric Kofi, Acolatse, Joseph, Akafity, George, Incoom, Robert, Rauf, Audu, Seaton, R. Andrew, Sneddon, Jacqueline, Cameron, Elaine, Watson, Margaret ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8198-9273, Wanat, Marta, Godman, Brian and Kurdi, Amanj ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5036-1988;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)