Determination of bubble size distribution using ultrasound array imaging

Ingram, Marcus and Mineo, Carmelo and Gachagan, Anthony and Mulholland, Anthony J. and Nordon, Alison and Hegarty, Martin (2020) Determination of bubble size distribution using ultrasound array imaging. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 67 (7). pp. 1424-1437. ISSN 0885-3010 (https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2020.2972406)

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Abstract

In this article, ultrasonic phased arrays are deployed as an imaging tool for industrial process analysis. Such arrays are typically used for sonar, medical diagnosis, and nondestructive testing; however, they have not yet been applied to industrial process analysis. The precise positioning of array elements and high frequencies possible with this technology mean that highly focused images can be generated, which cannot currently be achieved using ultrasound tomography. This article aims to highlight the potential of this technology for the measurement of bubble size distribution (BSD) and to demonstrate its application to both intrusive and noninvasive process measurements. Ultrasound images of bubble reflectors are generated using the total focusing method deployed using a 32-element, 5-MHz linear phased array, and an image processing algorithm for BSD determination is presented and evaluated under stationary and dynamic acquisition conditions. It is found that the sizing accuracy is within 10% for stationary reflectors larger than 4λ in diameter and that the algorithm is stable across the expected spatial variation of reflectors. The phased array is coupled to a six-axis robotic arm to scan a solid sample containing bubble reflectors at velocities up to 500 mms-1. The sizing accuracy is within 45% for bubbles larger than 4λ in diameter and at velocities up to 300 mms-1. However, above this velocity, the algorithm breaks down for reflectors smaller than 9λ in diameter. The ultrasound system is applied to a stream of air bubbles rising through water, which is verified via photographic analysis. Images were generated both intrusive and noninvasive, via a 10-mm Perspex barrier, to the process stream. The high bubble density in the process stream introduced scattering, limiting the measurement repeatability and the sample size in the measured distribution. Notwithstanding, this result demonstrates the potential of this technology to size bubbles for intrusive and noninvasive process analyses.

ORCID iDs

Ingram, Marcus ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1985-3359, Mineo, Carmelo ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5086-366X, Gachagan, Anthony ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9728-4120, Mulholland, Anthony J. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3626-4556, Nordon, Alison ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6553-8993 and Hegarty, Martin;
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