Staphylococcal phages and pathogenicity islands drive plasmid evolution

Humphrey, Suzanne and San Millán, Álvaro and Toll-Riera, Macarena and Connolly, John and Flor-Duro, Alejandra and Chen, John and Ubeda, Carles and MacLean, R. Craig and Penadés, José R. (2021) Staphylococcal phages and pathogenicity islands drive plasmid evolution. Nature Communications, 12. 5845. ISSN 2041-1723 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26101-5)

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Abstract

Conjugation has classically been considered the main mechanism driving plasmid transfer in nature. Yet bacteria frequently carry so-called non-transmissible plasmids, raising questions about how these plasmids spread. Interestingly, the size of many mobilisable and non-transmissible plasmids coincides with the average size of phages (~40 kb) or that of a family of pathogenicity islands, the phage-inducible chromosomal islands (PICIs, ~11 kb). Here, we show that phages and PICIs from Staphylococcus aureus can mediate intra- and inter-species plasmid transfer via generalised transduction, potentially contributing to non-transmissible plasmid spread in nature. Further, staphylococcal PICIs enhance plasmid packaging efficiency, and phages and PICIs exert selective pressures on plasmids via the physical capacity of their capsids, explaining the bimodal size distribution observed for non-conjugative plasmids. Our results highlight that transducing agents (phages, PICIs) have important roles in bacterial plasmid evolution and, potentially, in antimicrobial resistance transmission.

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