Low-cost 3D printed lenses for brightfield and fluorescence microscopy

Christopher, Jay and Rooney, Liam M. and Donnachie, Mark and Uttamchandani, Deepak and McConnell, Gail and Bauer, Ralf (2024) Low-cost 3D printed lenses for brightfield and fluorescence microscopy. Biomedical Optics Express, 15 (4). pp. 2224-2237. ISSN 2156-7085 (https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.514653)

[thumbnail of Christopher-etal-BOE-2024-Low-cost-3D-printed-lenses-for-brightfield-and-fluorescence-microscopy]
Preview
 Text. Filename: Christopher-etal-BOE-2024-Low-cost-3D-printed-lenses-for-brightfield-and-fluorescence-microscopy.pdf
Final Published Version
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 logo
Download (6MB)| Preview

Abstract

We present the fabrication and implementation of low-cost optical quality 3D printed lenses, and their application as microscope objectives with different prescriptions. The imaging performance of the 3D printed lenses was benchmarked against commercially available optics including a 20 mm focal length 12.7 mm diameter NBK-7 plano-convex lens used as a low magnification objective, and a separate high magnification objective featuring three 6 mm diameter NBK-7 lenses with different positive and negative focal lengths. We describe the design and manufacturing processes to produce high-quality 3D printed lenses. We tested their surface quality using a stylus profilometer, showing that they conform to that of commercial glass counterpart lenses. The 3D printed lenses were used as microscope objectives in both brightfield and epi-fluorescence imaging of specimens including onion, cyanobacteria, and variegated Hosta leaves, demonstrating a sub-cellular resolution performance obtained with low-cost 3D printed optical elements within brightfield and fluorescence microscopy.

ORCID iDs

Christopher, Jay ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0707-8947, Rooney, Liam M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2237-501X, Donnachie, Mark ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5391-236X, Uttamchandani, Deepak ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2362-4874, McConnell, Gail ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7213-0686 and Bauer, Ralf ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7927-9435;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)