Short-term adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines after the first, second, and booster doses : a cross-sectional survey from Punjab, Pakistan, and the implications
Mustafa, Zia Ul and Maqbool, Fareeha and Wahid, Mahnoor and Salman, Muhammad and Haroon, Shahzaib and Khan, Yusra Habib and Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain and Godman, Brian (2023) Short-term adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines after the first, second, and booster doses : a cross-sectional survey from Punjab, Pakistan, and the implications. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 56. e0044. ISSN 1678-9849 (https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0044-2023)
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Abstract
Background: Safety and efficacy concerns regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are common among the public and have a negative impact on their uptake. We aimed to report the adverse effects currently associated with the vaccine in Pakistan to build confidence among the population for its adoption. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five districts of the Punjab province of Pakistan between January and March 2022. The participants were recruited using convenience sampling. All data were analyzed using SPSS 22. Results: We recruited 1622 people with the majority aged between 25-45 years. Of these, 51% were female, including 27 pregnant women and 42 lactating mothers. Most participants had received the Sinopharm (62.6%) or Sinovac (17.8%) vaccines. The incidences of at least one side effect after the first (N = 1622), second (N = 1484), and booster doses (N = 219) of the COVID-19 vaccine were 16.5%, 20.1%, and 32%, respectively. Inflammation/erythema at the injection site, pain at the injection site, fever, and bone/muscle pain were common side effects of vaccination. No significant differences were observed in the adverse effect scores between all demographic variables except for pregnancy (P = 0.012) after the initial dose. No significant association was observed between any variable and the side effect scores of the second and booster doses of the vaccine. Conclusions: Our study showed a 16–32% prevalence of self-reported side effects after the first, second, and booster COVID-19 vaccinations. Most adverse effects were mild and transient, indicating the safety of different COVID-19 vaccines.
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Item type: Article ID code: 85879 Dates: DateEvent2 June 2023Published28 April 2023Accepted9 February 2023SubmittedSubjects: Medicine > Pharmacy and materia medica Department: Faculty of Science > Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences Depositing user: Pure Administrator Date deposited: 20 Jun 2023 15:20 Last modified: 30 Sep 2024 00:33 URI: https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/id/eprint/85879