An environmental impact comparison between wire + arc additive manufacture and forging for the production of a titanium component

Sword, James and Galloway, Alexander and Toumpis, Athanasios (2023) An environmental impact comparison between wire + arc additive manufacture and forging for the production of a titanium component. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 36. e00600. ISSN 2214-9929 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00600)

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Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) offers advantages in many aspects over conventional manufacturing techniques. These include reduced lead times and material waste. A recent topic of interest is the environmental impact of manufacturing techniques. However, there is a lack of literature detailing the impact of titanium manufacturing processes. In addition, there is also a gap in knowledge comparing AM to conventional manufacturing methods with the aim of investigating the reduced environmental impact as a further advantage of AM. In this research, an environmental impact analysis is used to compare wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) against conventional forging in the production of a Ti6Al4V component. This is achieved by comparing the material waste, energy consumption and carbon emissions of each production method. WAAM shows a 50% reduction in carbon emission and 40% reduction in energy consumption over forging. The largest difference is in the material waste, with a 55% reduction in discarded material. The comparison metrics of specific energy consumption (SEC) and specific carbon emissions are presented for evaluating the sustainability of processes, with the WAAM produced component in this study presenting a SEC of 574.9 MJ/kg compared to 958 MJ/kg for conventional forging.

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