A high-throughput time-resolved mini-silicon photomultiplier with embedded fluorescence lifetime estimation in 0.13 μm CMOS

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Tyndall, David and Rae, Bruce R. and Li, David Day Uei and Arlt, Jochen and Johnston, Abigail and Richardson, Justin A. and Henderson, Robert K. (2012) A high-throughput time-resolved mini-silicon photomultiplier with embedded fluorescence lifetime estimation in 0.13 μm CMOS. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 6 (6). pp. 562-570. ISSN 1932-4545 (https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2012.2222639)

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Abstract

We describe a miniaturized, high-throughput, time-resolved fluorescence lifetime sensor implemented in a 0.13 μm CMOS process, combining single photon detection, multiple channel timing and embedded pre-processing of fluorescence lifetime estimations on a single device. Detection is achieved using an array of single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) arranged in a digital silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) architecture with 400 ps output pulses and a 10% fill-factor. An array of time-to-digital converters (TDCs) with ≈50 ps resolution records up to 8 photon events during each excitation period. Data from the TDC array is then processed using a centre-of-mass method (CMM) pre-calculation to produce fluorescence lifetime estimations in real-time. The sensor is believed to be the first reported implementation of embedded fluorescence lifetime estimation. The system is demonstrated in a practical laboratory environment with measurements of a variety of fluorescent dyes with different single exponential lifetimes, successfully showing the sensor's ability to overcome the classic pile-up limitation of time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) by over an order of magnitude.

ORCID iDs

Tyndall, David, Rae, Bruce R., Li, David Day Uei ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6401-4263, Arlt, Jochen, Johnston, Abigail, Richardson, Justin A. and Henderson, Robert K.;
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