Developments in GaAs pixel detectors for X-ray imaging

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Bates, R and Campbell, M and Da Via, C and Heijne, E and Heuken, M and Jurgensen, H and Ludwig, J and Manolopoulos, S and Marder, D and Mathieson, K and O'Shea, V and Raine, C and Rogalla, M and Smith, KM; Nalcioglu, O, ed. (1998) Developments in GaAs pixel detectors for X-ray imaging. In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science: proceedings of the 44th IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference. IEEE, USA, pp. 534-540. ISBN 0780342593

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Abstract

Position sensitive hybrid pixel detectors have been fabricated by bump bonding silicon or bulk grown semi-insulating gallium arsenide pixel detectors to CMOS read-out chips. Their performance as X-ray Imaging sensors, in the energy range of 10-70 keV, was evaluated in terms of spatial resolution. For the GaAs device a fit was made to the line spread function (LSF) obtained from the image of a narrow slit and the corresponding modulation transfer function (MTF) and noise equivalent passband (N-e) evaluated. A value of 5.7 line pairs per mm (lp/mm) was found for the latter, with a modulation of 10% at the Nyquist frequency (N-y). A comparison is also given of the performance of these devices with state-of-the-art scintillator on silicon CCD dental X-ray sensors. In a bid to improve detector performance, thick layers of high quality GaAs have recently been grown by low pressure vapour phase epitaxy (LP-VPE). Hall measurements on initial samples gave free carrier concentration of 1-8 x 10(11) cm(-3). From the C-V dependence of a reverse-biased Schottky diode this material, however, a space charge density of 2 x 10(13) cm(-3) was measured. The observed temperature and frequency dependency of the capacitance is characteristic of the presence of deep levels and so the material is believed to have a small degree of compensation due to these levels. The measured charge collection efficiency determined (c.c.e) for 60 keV gamma rays showed an increase with reverse bias, reaching a plateau value of 93% for 100V. The limitations of present detectors are discussed and possible future developments indicated.

ORCID iDs

Bates, R, Campbell, M ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3405-8385, Da Via, C, Heijne, E, Heuken, M, Jurgensen, H, Ludwig, J, Manolopoulos, S, Marder, D, Mathieson, K ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9517-8076, O'Shea, V, Raine, C, Rogalla, M and Smith, KM; Nalcioglu, O
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