Influence of magnetohydrodynamics and viscosity ratio on modified tetra-hybrid nanofluid flow under a threshold non-Fourier heat flux framework

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Mahanthesh, Sachhin Sudha and Shettar, Mahabaleshwar Ulavathi and Pérez, Laura Milenas and Miller, Laura and Rodríguez-Ramos, Reinaldo and Penta, Raimondo (2026) Influence of magnetohydrodynamics and viscosity ratio on modified tetra-hybrid nanofluid flow under a threshold non-Fourier heat flux framework. La Matematica, 5 (4). 70. ISSN 2730-9657 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s44007-026-00249-2)

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Abstract

This study examines the combined effects of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), vis-cosity ratio, and thermal radiation on the flow and heat transfer of a water-based tetra-hybrid nanofluid containing Gold, Silver, Titanium dioxide, and Aluminium oxide nanoparticles over a stretching surface. The governing momentum and energy equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations via similar-ity transformations, and closed-form analytical solutions are obtained using Appell hypergeometric functions. Key parameters, including the viscosity ratio, nanoparticle volume fraction, and inverse Darcy number,are analysed and com-pared across di-, tri-, and tetra-hybrid nanofluids. The results show that stronger magnetic fields and higher nanoparticle loadings suppress the velocity field, while changes in the thermal parameters modify the temperature distribution and thermal boundary-layer thickness. Among the formulations considered, the di-hybrid nanofluid exhibits the largest normalized wall-temperature gradient, whereas the tetra-hybrid formulation exhibits higher temperature profiles under the parameter ranges studied.

ORCID iDs

Mahanthesh, Sachhin Sudha, Shettar, Mahabaleshwar Ulavathi, Pérez, Laura Milenas, Miller, Laura ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8350-1887, Rodríguez-Ramos, Reinaldo and Penta, Raimondo;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)