Exploring the factor and network structures of defeat and entrapment

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Souza, Kenvil Carmelita and Sosu, Edward and Zortea, Tiago and O'Connor, Rory and Rasmussen, Susan (2026) Exploring the factor and network structures of defeat and entrapment. Archives of Suicide Research. ISSN 1381-1118 (https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2026.2676680)

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Abstract

Defeat and entrapment are key risk factors for suicide. However, the number of factors underlying these constructs is debated. Method: This study examined the dimensionality of the short and long defeat and entrapment scales using exploratory factor analyses (EFA), exploratory graph analyses (EGA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). EFA and EGA were conducted on two samples (N1 = 502, N2 = 893) from the general population and CFAs on a third sample (N = 251). Results: The EFA and EGA supported a one-factor solution (defeat/entrapment) for the short measure and a five-factor model for the full scales. The five-factors were interpreted as defeat, defeat (method), internal entrapment, external entrapment (people), and external entrapment (situation). The CFAs supported the three-factor model for the full measure and the one-factor model for the short measure. Conclusions: This suggests that the findings depend on the measures and methodological approaches, highlighting the need to examine the item content.

ORCID iDs

Souza, Kenvil Carmelita, Sosu, Edward, Zortea, Tiago, O'Connor, Rory and Rasmussen, Susan ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6408-0028;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)