TIM-1 and Tiny-TIM as robust in vitro models for oral biopharmaceutics : evidence from an international ring study

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O’Farrell, Connor and Havenaar, Robert and McAllister, Mark and Hens, Bart and Barker, Richard and Mármol, Álvaro López and Ansari, Andrea and Ooms, Tom and Schilderink, Ronald and Schwabe, Robert and Butler, James and Stróžyk, Malgorzata and Martins Garcia, Tânia and Minekus, Dyko and Sarcevica, Inese and Smith, Kieran and Tomaszewska, Irena and Jones, Eleanor and Batchelor, Hannah and Bellmann, Susann (2026) TIM-1 and Tiny-TIM as robust in vitro models for oral biopharmaceutics : evidence from an international ring study. Pharmaceutics, 18 (4). 400. ISSN 1999-4923 (https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18040400)

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Biorelevant in vitro dissolution testing is used increasingly to predict complex mechanisms in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that determine oral bioavailability. However, the limited use of non-compendial systems is driven by the lack of widely accepted, standardized validation frameworks. This ongoing gap continues to restrict their adoption relative to United States Pharmacopeia (USP) apparatus. While the physiological relevance and biopredictive capabilities of the tiny-TIM and TIM-1 in vitro GI models have been demonstrated in previous studies, their inter-laboratory reproducibility has not been systematically established. Therefore, this international ring study evaluates the reproducibility of in vitro simulations of GI transit and absorption of paracetamol in fasted- and fed-state conditions in tiny-TIM and TIM-1. Methods: Three laboratories used TIM-1 and five used tiny-TIM to simulate oral administration of a 500 mg paracetamol solution to a healthy adult. Paracetamol solution was selected as a well-characterized and widely available BCS I compound to minimize formulation and solubility effects and focus on system performance, enabling the generation of a generic validation dataset for the reproducibility of TIM experiments. Results: Paracetamol bioaccessibility profiles were repeatable and reproducible (all pairwise f2 > 50). Maximum differences in total bioaccessible paracetamol were 0.9% (TIM-1) and 2.8% (tiny-TIM) within laboratories and 3.4 and 5.9% between laboratories. Inter-lab variability at individual time points remained <4.0% (fasted) and 5.2% (fed). Both TIM models produced biopredictive metrics, correctly predicting no food effect on total paracetamol bioaccessibility and capturing delayed tmax. Gastric and intestinal environments showed repeatable pH, temperature, and GI transit characteristics, with fluctuations across transit stages that mirrored reported in vivo patterns. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that TIM systems can reproducibly simulate gastrointestinal conditions across laboratories and generate consistent measurements of drug product performance, despite the complexity of the dynamic processes involved. While this evaluation involving a single BCS I drug solution should not be directly extrapolated to experiments with poorly soluble compounds or different formulations, it supports the use of TIM systems as robust in vitro models in drug product development. This study provides a standardized, inter-laboratory, baseline performance dataset to support regulatory submissions incorporating TIM data and enable more confident interpretation of TIM experiments.

ORCID iDs

O’Farrell, Connor, Havenaar, Robert, McAllister, Mark, Hens, Bart, Barker, Richard, Mármol, Álvaro López, Ansari, Andrea, Ooms, Tom, Schilderink, Ronald, Schwabe, Robert, Butler, James, Stróžyk, Malgorzata, Martins Garcia, Tânia, Minekus, Dyko, Sarcevica, Inese, Smith, Kieran, Tomaszewska, Irena, Jones, Eleanor ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3926-6493, Batchelor, Hannah ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8729-9951 and Bellmann, Susann;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)