Small-signal stability and inertia constrained optimal configuration method of grid-forming energy storage systems

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Zhang, Kezan and Chen, Xia and Chen, Yin and Yang, Hui and Xin, Huanhai and Wen, Jinyu (2026) Small-signal stability and inertia constrained optimal configuration method of grid-forming energy storage systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. ISSN 0885-8950 (https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2026.3670426)

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Abstract

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources and power electronic converters, the grid strength and inertia of modern power systems have significantly declined, potentially leading to various stability challenges, such as small-signal stability and frequency stability. It is widely recognized that the integration of grid-forming (GFM) energy storage systems (ESS) can mitigate these issues and enhance the stable operation of power systems from multiple perspectives. However, determining the optimal configuration of GFM ESS in hybrid systems to balance stability and economic efficiency remains an open research question. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes an optimization method for GFM ESS configuration considering stability constraints. First, based on the small-signal model of the multi-converter system, the relationship between system stability and the placement and capacity of GFM ESS is established, and stability criteria are derived. On this basis, both small-signal stability constraints and inertia constraints are incorporated, formulating the GFM ESS configuration problem as a mixed-integer programming problem. Finally, a relaxation method for eigenvalue constraints and a two-layer iterative algorithm are proposed to solve the optimization problem efficiently. Case studies conducted on the IEEE 39-bus system and the fully inverter-based system validate the accuracy and general applicability of the proposed configuration method.

ORCID iDs

Zhang, Kezan, Chen, Xia, Chen, Yin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3351-5065, Yang, Hui, Xin, Huanhai and Wen, Jinyu;
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