Synthetic varroacides in honey bee colonies : A comprehensive monitoring program across the European Union

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Van der Steen, Jozef J.M. and Brodschneider, Robert and Brusbardis, Valters and Buddendor, Bas and Carreck, Norman and Danneels, Ellen and de Graaf, Dirk C. and Gratzer, Kristina and Gray, Alison and Hatjina, Fani and Kasiotis, Konstantinos M. and Kilpinen, Ole and Martínez, José Antonio and Murcia-Morales, María and Martinez-Bueno, Maria Jesus and Oller-Serrano, José Luis and Pietropaoli, Marco and Pinto, M. Alice and Quaresma, Andreia and Roessink, Ivo and Tzanetou, Evangelia and Vejsnæs, Flemming and Fernández-Alba, Amadeo R. (2026) Synthetic varroacides in honey bee colonies : A comprehensive monitoring program across the European Union. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 42. 104861. ISSN 2352-1864 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2026.104861)

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Abstract

Managing Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies remains a constant challenge for beekeepers, requiring a balance between maintaining mite levels low whilst minimizing the negative impacts of miticide treatments on bee health. Synthetic varroacides such as coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate, and amitraz are widely used due to their convenience, but they can have negative impacts on the colony and persist in hive materials, with residues detectable long after application. To investigate the presence and dynamics of these synthetic varroacides, the INSIGNIA-EU initiative conducted a large-scale monitoring program, covering 312 bee hive sites across the European Union. The study employed the APIStrip—a novel, non-invasive passive sampler based on TENAX® sorbent—which, when placed inside the hive, passively adsorbs chemical residues from the internal hive environment. This approach has demonstrated its effectiveness eliminating the need to sample bees, wax, honey, or pollen, while still providing representative contamination data from a single, standardized analytical matrix. This study reports results from APIStrip analyses deployed across all EU countries for residues of amitraz, tau-fluvalinate, and coumaphos, using a harmonized and validated analytical protocol. Additionally, thymol, regarded as an environmentally friendly alternative, was also included in the evaluation as a reference. Sampling was carried out over nine consecutive two-week periods from May to August 2023, ensuring synchronized data collection and enabling direct comparability of results across sites and time points. The study found these miticides to be pervasive across most EU regions, appearing in more than 85% of samples and greatly outnumbering detections of the natural alternative, thymol. In most cases, notable miticide residue concentrations persisted throughout the entire sampling period.

ORCID iDs

Van der Steen, Jozef J.M., Brodschneider, Robert, Brusbardis, Valters, Buddendor, Bas, Carreck, Norman, Danneels, Ellen, de Graaf, Dirk C., Gratzer, Kristina, Gray, Alison ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6273-0637, Hatjina, Fani, Kasiotis, Konstantinos M., Kilpinen, Ole, Martínez, José Antonio, Murcia-Morales, María, Martinez-Bueno, Maria Jesus, Oller-Serrano, José Luis, Pietropaoli, Marco, Pinto, M. Alice, Quaresma, Andreia, Roessink, Ivo, Tzanetou, Evangelia, Vejsnæs, Flemming and Fernández-Alba, Amadeo R.;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)