Towards autonomous optical camera communications : Light source localisation using deep learning

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Eso, Elizabeth and Sinanovic, Sinan and Offiong, Funmilayo B. and Li, Xicong and Yang, Liying and Rajbhandari, Sujan and Ghassemlooy, Zabih (2026) Towards autonomous optical camera communications : Light source localisation using deep learning. Electronics, 15 (5). 935. ISSN 2079-9292 (https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15050935)

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Abstract

This research significantly improves the link reliability and robustness of optical camera communications (OCC) by leveraging deep learning for light source modulation filtering, reflection filtering, and precise light source localisation. By using image sensors as receivers in OCC, data transmission is not only enabled, but other applications are also facilitated, such as detecting objects and humans, making OCC highly attractive in healthcare, intelligent transport systems, and indoor positioning. However, the position of the desired signal in the received image frame must be tracked in dynamic scenarios (i.e., nonstationary applications), in order to maintain the communication link. Moreover, as sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks envision highly autonomous systems that rely on seamless integration of communication and sensing, deep learning is key to enabling robust and adaptive light source localisation and sensing in OCC, which enables vision-based autonomy in dynamic environments. It should be noted that a deep learning-based approach provides more accuracy even when there are multiple noise sources in the environment, reflections, and complex backgrounds, and under mobility conditions, in which traditional light source detection/tracking methods are not effective. Hence this study investigates the use of a deep learning-based approach by analysing the detection accuracy under different configurations and unseen images. The results obtained demonstrate consistently high detection performance with average precision (at an intersection-over-union threshold of 0.70 of 0.84 to 0.97. These results pave the way for autonomous receivers that will be able to select signals intelligently and decode them.

ORCID iDs

Eso, Elizabeth, Sinanovic, Sinan, Offiong, Funmilayo B., Li, Xicong, Yang, Liying, Rajbhandari, Sujan ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-118X and Ghassemlooy, Zabih;
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