Trends and predictors of caesarean section in Thailand before and during the COVID-19 pandemic : a retrospective analysis of national hospitalisation data under the Universal Coverage Scheme

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Karunayawong, Picharee and Sukmanee, Jarawee and Butchon, Rukmanee and Saeraneesopon, Thanayut and Boonma, Chulathip and Kunanusont, Chaiyos and Lumbiganon, Pisake and Morton, Alec and Teerawattananon, Yot and Isaranuwatchai, Wanrudee (2026) Trends and predictors of caesarean section in Thailand before and during the COVID-19 pandemic : a retrospective analysis of national hospitalisation data under the Universal Coverage Scheme. BMJ open, 16 (2). e096080. ISSN 2044-6055 (https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-096080)

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Abstract

Objectives Since 1985, the international healthcare community has recommended the ideal rate of caesarean section (CS) to be 10%–15% at the national level. The literature has reported that overused CS without necessary medical indications can be harmful to both maternal and child health. To generate evidence to support policy on CS, this study evaluated the trend over time of CS in Thailand during January 2016 to October 2021 (which included the COVID-19 pandemic period) and explored predictors of CS use. Design and setting This study was a retrospective secondary data analysis of de-identified hospitalisation data under the Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) from the National Health Security Office’s e-Claims database. Descriptive analyses were conducted to explore the number and rate of CS over time and across different characteristics (ie, age, hospital type, COVID-19 status and delivery day) including a multivariable logistic analysis to explore predictors of CS. Interrupted time series analysis was adopted to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on CS rate. Participants 569 321 CS cases under UCS from 2016 to 2021. Results The results showed an increasing trend of CS rate, from 30% in January 2016 to 35% in October 2021. Both clinical (eg, medical indication and age) and non-clinical (eg, region and day of delivery) factors were significantly associated with CS. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic had no significant effect on CS rate (level: −0.0016, 95% CI −0.0085 to 0.0053, p=0.66). Conclusion This study highlighted an increasing trend of CS in Thailand and could present supportive evidence that Thailand might have been facing an overuse of CS. More awareness and actions are warranted to ensure the movement towards reduction of unnecessary CS in Thailand.

ORCID iDs

Karunayawong, Picharee, Sukmanee, Jarawee, Butchon, Rukmanee, Saeraneesopon, Thanayut, Boonma, Chulathip, Kunanusont, Chaiyos, Lumbiganon, Pisake, Morton, Alec ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-8517, Teerawattananon, Yot and Isaranuwatchai, Wanrudee;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)