Lifetime cost analysis of zero-emission refuse collection vehicles in Scotland

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Ayyadi, Soumia and Mothilal Bhagavathy, Sivapriya and Sims, Ryan (2025) Lifetime cost analysis of zero-emission refuse collection vehicles in Scotland. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 78. 104326. ISSN 2213-1388 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2025.104326)

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Abstract

Refuse Collection Vehicles (RCVs) directly affect public health and well-being due to their operation close to residential areas, schools, hospitals, and other public spaces. Transitioning to zero-emission RCV typically requires a strong business case. This paper, therefore, investigates the tank-to-wheel lifetime cost for zero-emission RCVs (Fuel Cell and Battery powertrain) and Internal Combustion Refuse Collection Vehicles (ICRCV) considering the whole waste collection operation, daily driving mileage, type of connection of the hydrogen power plant to the energy source, and social benefits of low emissions for rural and urban environments. Assessments were carried out for a present-day (2023) scenario, and a sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of changing the input parameters on the lifetime cost of both Battery and Fuel Cell RCVs (FRCVSs). Results indicate that when the hydrogen power plant is directly linked to the energy source along with the incorporation of the social cost, the FCRCV demonstrates cost-competitiveness with ICRCV. The lifetime cost of FCRCV is 8.34% lower in urban areas and nearly 20% less in rural areas compared to ICRCV. Additionally, in rural areas, the lifetime cost of FCRCVs is 6.63% lower than that of BRCVs, making FCRCV a cost-competitive choice when the hydrogen power plant is indirectly linked to the energy source, making it a justifiable investment decision. Furthermore, the analysis of the different grants shows a low impact on the FCRCV lifetime cost despite the high level of grants considered in the case study.

ORCID iDs

Ayyadi, Soumia ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8423-0269, Mothilal Bhagavathy, Sivapriya ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3200-4308 and Sims, Ryan;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)