A machine learning-based evidence map of ocean-related options for climate change mitigation and adaptation

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Veytia, Devi and Mariani, Gaël and Martí Barclay, Vicky and Airoldi, Laura and Claudet, Joachim and Cooley, Sarah and Magnan, Alexandre and Neill, Simon and Sumaila, U. Rashid and Thébaud, Olivier and Voolstra, Christian R. and Williamson, Phillip and Bonnin, Marie and Langridge, Joseph and Comte, Adrien and Viard, Frédérique and Shin, Yunne-Jai and Bopp, Laurent and Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2025) A machine learning-based evidence map of ocean-related options for climate change mitigation and adaptation. npj Ocean Sustainability, 4 (1). 60. ISSN 2731-426X (https://doi.org/10.1038/s44183-025-00159-w)

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Abstract

The ocean has a vital role to play in addressing the global challenge of climate change, which requires both mitigation and adaptation actions. The exponential increase in research relating to ocean-related options (OROs) requires a rapid and reproducible method to assess the state of knowledge. We train a state-of-the-art large language model to characterise the landscape of ORO research by classifying 44,193 (±11,615) articles across various descriptors. Research proves to be unevenly distributed, concentrating on OROs with mitigation objectives (80%), while revealing research gaps including under-researched ecosystems and an observed paucity of studies simultaneously assessing different ORO types. We also uncover social inequalities driven by mismatches between the global distribution of research effort, climate change responsibility, and risk. These findings are important to maximise the efficacy of OROs, position them within broader climate action portfolios, and inform future research priorities.

ORCID iDs

Veytia, Devi, Mariani, Gaël, Martí Barclay, Vicky ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9547-3377, Airoldi, Laura, Claudet, Joachim, Cooley, Sarah, Magnan, Alexandre, Neill, Simon, Sumaila, U. Rashid, Thébaud, Olivier, Voolstra, Christian R., Williamson, Phillip, Bonnin, Marie, Langridge, Joseph, Comte, Adrien, Viard, Frédérique, Shin, Yunne-Jai, Bopp, Laurent and Gattuso, Jean-Pierre;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)