Bridging the experience gap : cognitive biases and heuristics in the internationalization of small firms

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Faroque, Anisur R and Casulli, Lucrezia and Kuivalainen, Olli and Sundqvist, Sanna (2025) Bridging the experience gap : cognitive biases and heuristics in the internationalization of small firms. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 32 (11). pp. 1-25. ISSN 1355-2554 (https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-09-2024-0993)

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Abstract

Purpose - Research on early internationalization in smaller firms has primarily focused on initial market entry, often neglecting responses to adverse post-entry events. This paper addresses the gap between entrepreneurial internationalization and small business survival by examining both initial and post-entry stages through decision-maker cognition. Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual paper develops a cognition-based decision framework that explains how cognitive biases influence pre- and initial entry decisions, and evolve in response to post-entry negative events. It introduces the ‘experience gap paradox’- a misalignment between personal experience and required international market experience- as a key driver of biased judgment. The framework links non-contextualized pre-entry experience with post-entry decision-making, offering testable propositions on the dynamic interplay between biases, heuristics, and internationalization decisions. Findings – This model supports the argument that heuristic decision-making is contingent upon context-specific prior experience, which leaders of small firms typically lack pre-entry, causing them to develop and rely on decision biases. Originality/value – This article contributes by exploring how cognitive heuristics and biases evolve in decision-making across the pre-entry and post-entry stages of internationalization, with a focus on smaller firms-particularly International New Ventures (INVs). It provides a comprehensive understanding of the ‘experience gap paradox’ and its influence on entrepreneurial internationalization, offering insights relevant to small firms' adaptive decision-making and survival.

ORCID iDs

Faroque, Anisur R, Casulli, Lucrezia ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5681-6098, Kuivalainen, Olli and Sundqvist, Sanna;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)