A review of distributed ledger technologies for satellite operations

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Probert, Beth and Clark, Ruaridh A. and Blasch, Erik and Macdonald, Malcolm (2025) A review of distributed ledger technologies for satellite operations. IEEE Access, 13. pp. 123230-123258. ISSN 2169-3536 (https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3588688)

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Abstract

As the density of objects in Low Earth Orbit continues to increase, greater levels of coordination among satellites are needed to ensure the continued operation and sustainability of the space environment. Existing centralised space governance frameworks suffer from delays, ambiguity, and vulnerability to manipulation, introducing further complexity and risk into satellite operations, and hindering the development of new space-based services. This review examines the feasibility of leveraging Distributed Ledger Technologies to facilitate secure, decentralised, and autonomous coordination among satellites, conceptualised as an extension of Internet of Things networks. By examining analogous applications in swarms of Uncrewed Aerial Systems, and the Internet of Things, key system requirements for decentralised satellite coordination are defined. It is found that traditional Blockchain systems using Proof of Work-based consensus mechanisms are impractical for use in space-based systems, whilst Directed Acyclic Graph architectures, Sharded Blockchain architectures, and non-deterministic Proof of Stake consensus mechanisms are the most suitable. Critical gaps preventing the implementation of Distributed Ledger Technologies in the space environment are identified. These include wider regulatory considerations, and technical obstacles relating to the storage of transactional data and reaching consensus in time-varying, asynchronous networks.

ORCID iDs

Probert, Beth ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6042-2018, Clark, Ruaridh A. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4601-2085, Blasch, Erik and Macdonald, Malcolm ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4499-4281;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)