The systemic procedural injustice faced by victim-survivors in police responses to rape and ‘serious’ sexual offences : a comprehensive study of four forces in England and Wales

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Smith, Olivia and Johnson, Kelly and Brooks-Hay, Oona and Friskney, Ruth and Geoghegan-Fittall, Sophie and Hillyard, Susan and Hohl, Katrin and Jennings, Bethany and Molisso, Sarah and Myhill, Andy and Walling-Wefelmeyer, Rosa (2025) The systemic procedural injustice faced by victim-survivors in police responses to rape and ‘serious’ sexual offences : a comprehensive study of four forces in England and Wales. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 82. 100756. ISSN 1756-0616 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100756)

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Abstract

Drawing on a large multi-method study in England and Wales, this paper outlines key challenges to procedural justice faced by victim-survivors in contemporary police responses to rape and ‘serious’ sexual offences. It draws on an innovative dataset – involving ‘real-time’ police ethnographic observations and review of police video footage, combined with supporting stakeholder focus groups and interviews – to provide a multifaceted, holistic examination of police responses. We identify significant variation in the quality of police responses to victim-survivors, which include concerning practices such as insensitive and inconsiderate treatment, cynical attitudes, and investigations being influenced by rape myths. Without reform, we conclude the policing system provides limited opportunity for dignity, respect, equity, safety or voice; all known to be important for procedural justice and victim-survivor justice more broadly. Steps towards improving the experience and treatment of victim-survivors must address these systemic issues over focusing on the actions of individual officers.

ORCID iDs

Smith, Olivia, Johnson, Kelly, Brooks-Hay, Oona, Friskney, Ruth ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0515-5717, Geoghegan-Fittall, Sophie, Hillyard, Susan, Hohl, Katrin, Jennings, Bethany, Molisso, Sarah, Myhill, Andy and Walling-Wefelmeyer, Rosa;
CORE (COnnecting REpositories)