Search for gravitational waves emitted from SN 2023ixf

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Abac, A. G. and Ben Yaala, M. and Craig, K. and Fazio, M. and Gier, C. and Reid, S. and Wallace, G. S., LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, KAGRA Collaboration (2025) Search for gravitational waves emitted from SN 2023ixf. The Astrophysical Journal, 985 (2). 183. ISSN 1538-4357 (https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc681)

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Abstract

We present the results of a search for gravitational-wave transients associated with core-collapse supernova SN 2023ixf, which was observed in the galaxy Messier 101 via optical emission on 2023 May 19, during the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA 15th Engineering Run. We define a five-day on-source window during which an accompanying gravitational-wave signal may have occurred. No gravitational waves have been identified in data when at least two gravitational-wave observatories were operating, which covered ∼14% of this five-day window. We report the search detection efficiency for various possible gravitational-wave emission models. Considering the distance to M101 (6.7 Mpc), we derive constraints on the gravitational-wave emission mechanism of core-collapse supernovae across a broad frequency spectrum, ranging from 50 Hz to 2 kHz, where we assume the gravitational-wave emission occurred when coincident data are available in the on-source window. Considering an ellipsoid model for a rotating proto-neutron star, our search is sensitive to gravitational-wave energy 1 × 10−4 M⊙c2 and luminosity 2.6 × 10−4 M⊙c2 s−1 for a source emitting at 82 Hz. These constraints are around an order of magnitude more stringent than those obtained so far with gravitational-wave data. The constraint on the ellipticity of the proto-neutron star that is formed is as low as 1.08, at frequencies above 1200 Hz, surpassing past results.

ORCID iDs

Abac, A. G., Ben Yaala, M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6754-0875, Craig, K., Fazio, M. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9057-9663, Gier, C. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0897-7943, Reid, S. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9728-3507 and Wallace, G. S.;
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