This paper deals with initial work carried out on a metadata options appraisal undertaken for the Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park in the context of plans to create complex digital objects called 'Interpretive Journeys' and to ensure effective management of these and their constituent parts, together with a range of other digital materials, on an ongoing basis. Since the appraisal began in circumstances where these digital composites did not yet exist, where some aspects of their design remained sketchy, and where Park staff had limited experience of either the objects themselves or their use, it was concluded that an iterative approach to the determination of the full requirement was required and that METS, a Library of Congress maintained schema for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata for objects within a digital library, should provide the main basis of an agreed framework within which this could take place.
This paper deals with a Metadata Options Appraisal commissioned by the Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park in Scotland in the context of a Europe-wide project called MoPark Project (2004). Its remit is to look at three levels of the Park's metadata requirements: those specific to MoPark (level 1), those likely to arise if the scope of the MoPark work were extended (level 2, and those associated with the management of Park materials generally (level 3). However, since the MoPark requirements are the most complex, these have been the major focus of the work to date. The Appraisal was originally planned as a single initiative to be conducted in a number of steps (see Methodology), but a decision was taken on the basis of early findings to adopt a phased approach. This paper covers the work leading up to that decision - that is, it covers what is now Phase I of two-phase appraisal, Phase I outcomes, and the reasons for the adoption of a phased approach.
The aim of the MoPark project is to encourage green tourism in the Park by providing opportunities for sustainable travel and innovative interpretation. The interpretive facet is intended to help visitors understand and enjoy the Park's special qualities and will be delivered electronically via a variety of output devices, including personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, audio tours, and talking posts. In the case of PDAs, in particular, but perhaps also mobile phones, this will entail the creation of complex digital objects called Interpretive Journeys. These are multimedia-based Park tours following marked out paths with a number of stops. Each stop is enhanced and interpreted for the visitor through an interactive programme consisting of still images, video and audio clips, animations, games, and text relevant to the flora, fauna, landscape formations and features, history, and culture represented at that point in the tour.
In the context of the MoPark Project, an Interpretive Journey is typically a hand-held electronic guide to a Park trail - whether it is a walk in the woods or a trip on a solar boat. However, the potential of this kind of digital multimedia presentation as a means of enhancing an individual's experience and understanding of a range of environments is clearly significant. Leisure and recreation environments - parks, museums, tourist-trails, and similar - are probably the most likely areas of application. Education and other forms of training are another. This being so, the use of such packages seems likely to grow, which means that there is likely to be a increasing demand from a range of organisation-types for information scientists who can advise on the issues covered in this paper - that is, on the problems raised by Interpretive Journeys and similar multimedia programmes, on the metadata required to adequately describe them, and on the design and operation of digital repository software to house and manage both.
Interpretive Journeys (and other similar packages) are not simply collections of component digital objects with a common theme or a related set of such themes. They are pieces of highly structured digital content whose function, value, and meaning would be largely lost if their structure was lost - just as the function, value, and meaning of a book would be lost if it were cut up into paragraphs or sentences presented in randomised order. This means that the metadata required to manage them must, amongst other things, be able to capture and describe that structure, particularly if, as is envisaged in MoPark, there is (or may be) a requirement to disseminate these complex digital objects to other repositories, or to ensure their long-term digital preservation. In the case of MoPark, for example, the metadata must be able to capture and describe structural elements such as the sequential and hierarchical nature of the journey, and the inter-relationships between component digital objects at different sequential or hierarchical levels (for example, a map that can be called up at any journey stop and which itself has hierarchical levels in the shape of a ‘zoom inâ€(tm) to a more detailed map, a key to the map, and so on).
The Appraisal has two objectives. The first is to determine the metadata requirements for the Park's proposed digital repository in the context of the ongoing use and long-term management of these and other digital objects, looking at:
The second is to make recommendations on the implementation of the digital repository, taking in issues such as metadata schema options, staffing requirements, training, and the design of the proposed Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). Although Interpretive Journeys are not the only digital objects of interest in the Appraisal, they are, by far, the most complex, and were, therefore, the primary focus of the initial work. More precisely, written and spoken descriptions of the Park's plans for the creation of such journeys were the initial focus of the work, since, in the original plan, the appraiser was charged with identifying the metadata requirements before the actual Interpretive Journeys were available.
This, of course, was a less than ideal circumstance in which to conduct the Appraisal. Following discussion, however, it became clear that it was unavoidable. Park staff required some guidance on metadata requirements if they were to specify their requirements for the Digital Asset Management System to the software designers and programmers, and the project schedule did not permit the long delay involved in waiting for the creation of the actual Interpretive Journeys. The appraiser was therefore faced with a requirement to deal with the situation, ideal or not - a real world circumstance which led to the proposal for the phased approach described below, and one which may well be encountered in other organisations as the digital revolution gathers pace.
Digitisation programmes, as well as individual initiatives, have been something of a growth area in recent times (see, for example, the NOF Digi programme's database of projects (New Opportunities Fund, 2003), the sites of the members of the Digital Library Federation (Digital Library Federation, 2004), and the Register of Digital Initiatives in New Zealand (National Digital Forum, 2004). One result of this is that it is possible to draw upon a good deal of readily available experience and expertise in respect of the management of digital objects when considering metadata options. Another is that there is a wide (and apparently still growing) range of metadata schema designed for use with digital objects and repositories available to choose from: DC, MODS, e-GMS, TEI, METS, EAD, MPEG-7, SCORM, MPEG-21, IMS-CP, MARCXML, MIX, to name only a few of those available (MetaMap, 2004; National Information Standards Organization, 2004; Farb and Riggio, 2004).
Fortunately, it was clear at an early stage of the Appraisal that the list of possible schema choices could be reduced considerably by focusing on digital repository initiatives dealing with composite digital objects whose complexity was of an order similar to that of MoPark Interpretive Journeys. Consideration of the issues encountered in such projects (Alemneh et al., 2002; >Bekaert 2003, 2004; Chandler, 2002; Chen, 2000, 2002; Farb and Riggio, 2004; Guenther and McCallum, 2003; Proffitt, 2004; Staples et al., 2003; Tennant, 2003a), and of the kinds of metadata schema employed to deal with them, allowed the list of possible schema relevant to MoPark to be narrowed to those capable of managing structured content - the defining feature of complex digital objects like Interpretive Journeys. With proprietary solutions considered inappropriate and unwise because of a likely long-term need to interoperate with other repositories in Scotland and beyond, the range of possibilities to choose from was narrowed to METS, MPEG-21, and IMS-CP, three options which, whilst not directly comparable in respect of their primary purpose, are recognised as roughly interchangeable standards for managing structured content (New York University Libraries, 2004), and are used as such by the various projects examined in the Appraisal:
The Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) is a schema developed following ground breaking work at the University of California Digital Library in the context of the Making of America II project (Cundiff, 2004; National Information Standards Organization, 2004; Coalition for Networked Information, 2003). Maintained by the Library of Congress (Library of Congress, 2004a), it has the support of the influential Digital Library Federation, and is designed to be used with a range of 'extension schemas' such as MODS, MIX, MARCXML and TextMD (Cundiff, 2004; Library of Congress (2004b, c); Ockerbloom et al., 2004; Tennant, 2003a). In use in, or recommended by, a growing range of initiatives (Cundiff, 2004; Chandler, 2002; Guenther and McCallum, 2003; Institute of Museum and Library Services, 2001; Niu, 2002; Proffitt, 2004; Semple, 2004; Staples et al., 2003; Stehno, 2003; Tennant, 2003a), METS is also an integral part of at least one digital library management package (Staples et al., 2003) and was at the time of the work reportedly being considered for future use in MIT's widely-implemented DSpace software (Smith et al., 2003).
MPEG-21 is a Moving Picture Expert Group standard (International Organisation for Standardisation, 2002), expected to be a preferred approach in the commercial sector (Coalition for Networked Information, 2003). It was found to be less developed than METS (Coalition for Networked Information, 2003; >Ockerbloom et al., 2004) and to be in use in one repository (Bekaert (2003, 2004)).
IMS-CP, the IMS content packaging standard (IMS Global Learning Consortium Inc., 2004), is designed for use in the learning community, a community that MoPark will at least look to interoperate with. IMS-CP is in use in various projects (Australian Flexible Learning Framework, 2004a, b, c; Coalition for Networked Information, 2003, p19), and is recognised as the learning community's alternative to METS and MPEG-21 (Coalition for Networked Information, 2003; Ockerbloom et al., 2004). SCORM (Advanced Distributed Learning, 2004), another learning community solution also based on IMS specifications (Coalition for Networked Information, 2003) is also in use (Lubas, 2004). However, by the time it was identified as a possible candidate, it had already been agreed that the proposed future MoPark connection with the learning community was a relatively weak one and that there was no need to assess SCORM as one of the options.
From the start, it was recognised that the underlying aim in conducting the Appraisal was to determine the requirement for the effective management of the proposed digital repository and the digital materials it would contain. The metadata requirements of any system are primarily related to function. In order to determine the metadata requirements for MoPark and for the National Park, therefore, it was first necessary to determine the needs in respect of handling or managing digital information and information products; that is, to determine which things needed to be done to, or, with what information and information products, by or for whom, in what circumstances (when, how, where), and for what purpose (why) in order to meet the management and service requirements of the system (National Information Standards Organization, 2004; Haynes, 2004; Farb and Riggio, 2004). It was also necessary to consider other issues affecting decisions on approaches to metadata: resources available for implementation and ongoing management, existing constraints in terms of the existence of legacy metadata repositories and legacy systems used by organisational partners, the need to interoperate with services outwith the group of organisational partners, and so on (Coalition for Networked Information, 2003, p. 23). Key requirements of a successful study were therefore an examination of representative examples of the various kinds of digital objects that would have to be managed and in-depth discussions with Park staff on the management issues the various types of object would entail.
A methodology for conducting the Appraisal was agreed in the early stages of discussions on project requirements. This consisted of the following steps:
In the event, the methodology had to be adjusted to take account of the information that emerged from the early part of the study. By the completion of step 4 of the process described above, two things were clear. First, that there was sufficient detail available from initial discussions with key MoPark and Park personnel (step 1), from follow-up discussions with project leaders (step 2), and from project and Park documentation (step 3), to enable, both the general needs of the project and Park in respect of digital object metadata (steps 4-6), and the further work needed to draw out the full requirement (steps 6-8), to be specified in the timescale originally envisaged for this work. Second, that specifying the need in detail (step 9), together with associated staffing and training needs and detailed DAMS requirements (step 10), would be more difficult. It would require, at minimum, further work with actual examples of the complex digital objects (Interpretive Journeys) likely to form the primary elements of the Level 1 and 2 requirements, more experience amongst project and Park personnel of the issues and problems associated with managing complex digital objects, and an in-depth survey of the likely range of other digital objects, their usage, and their life-cycles.
Since the original assumption made by MoPark had been that the metadata requirement might be specified prior to the creation of the initial Interpretive Journeys and their use in the field, it was necessary to agree an adjusted methodology with project staff. This entailed adopting a phased approach to the completion of the Appraisal, with Phase I setting out, both a general framework within which the full requirement could be met, and the elements of the follow-up phase, and Phase II stretching out over the full lifetime of the project (three years) and gradually specifying the detailed requirement as actual Interpretive Journeys emerged and were field-tested, and as staff familiarity with these objects and understanding of the management issues they entailed, grew. This paper, of necessity, reports only on the outcomes of Phase I of this process. The outcomes of Phase II will be reported at a later date.
The completion of step 4 - the creation of an outline, but detailed, sketch of the scope and complexity of the likely general needs of the project and the National Park in respect of metadata for digital objects - produced the following agreed conclusions as regards general requirements:
The primary need is to deal with Interpretive Journeys. These are complex digital objects comprising coherent aggregates of a range of simpler constituent digital objects in a variety of formats. They will require a metadata framework that encompasses:
User-type specific variations are an issue. It is envisaged that different types of Park visitor will be presented with different versions of each Interpretive Journey and that these versions will themselves vary according to visitor choice of, for example, preferred terrain, and mode of transport. It is not clear at this stage whether each journey will be one single aggregate object or many similar, but different, aggregates. Either way, the metadata framework will have to be sufficiently flexible to cope with the inter-relationships involved and the complex management issues entailed.
The issues described in the two points above are further complicated by the fact that different presentations of the various Interpretive Journeys are likely to be required for a range of different output modes (PDAs, web-sites, mobile phones, and others).
Workflow control during the digital object management process is needed to ensure that accuracy, legal, metadata quality, and other requirements are met. The creation and management of Interpretive Journeys is likely to involve a range of Park personnel with different skills and expertise and this will have implications in respect of the need for a range of record statuses and the ability to monitor staff involvement in upkeep and creation in the metadata. Issues like information currency, accuracy, authority, access rights, metadata quality, and so on will make such involvement necessary and make workflow control and associated metadata needs essential elements of a working system
Initial discussions suggest that the constituent digital objects that will make up the detail of the Interpretive Journeys are likely to be in a wide range of formats, including (but not necessarily limited to), textual materials, audio material, video materials, still images, animated sequences, 3D animations, 3D and 2D maps, interactive packages of various kinds. Any framework will have to be able to deal with the metadata requirements associated with each.
Special software will be needed to handle some of the constituent digital objects involved in an Interpretive Journey and it will have to be possible to specify this in the metadata framework. Included in this requirement is the need to obtain and respond to GPS data and to interact with an external GIS database system and repository.
It is likely that the descriptive metadata required for the aggregates and the constituent objects will in some cases be held on external systems (e.g. maps metadata and, possibly, MARC or Dublin Core metadata). In other cases, it may need to be embedded in the record for the object itself. The metadata framework will have to be able to handle either or both situations
The range and nature of digital objects likely to be managed when the needs of the Park as a whole are taken into account is at present unknown in detail. The framework adopted must therefore be flexible and wide-ranging to enable it to cope with future requirements
There will, in time, be a need to preserve some or all of the digital objects in the repository, so the metadata framework adopted must be able to deal with this likelihood.
A need to present or otherwise disseminate the metadata in various forms and various formats for different purposes in different situations is envisaged. Possible requirements in this respect include the need to interoperate with Library, Museum and (possibly) Archive community systems in Scotland
The methodology detailed earlier in this paper implies a linear progression from the identification of the elements of the general requirements (step 4), through the investigation of metadata solutions adopted elsewhere (step 5), to the identification of a digital objects metadata framework (step 6) capable of meeting the requirement identified in step 4. Although this is essentially the process followed, the actual progression from requirement to framework was less clear-cut. In reality, an initial sketch of the requirement, together with an investigation of solutions adopted elsewhere, led to the identification of the METS standard, maintained by the Library of Congress, as a likely solution for the Park. This then helped focus further work on the requirement and on solutions adopted elsewhere, leading gradually, in consultation with project and Park staff, to the confirmation of both the final details of the general requirement
By the completion of step 5, it was clear that METS has a number of points in its favour as the schema most able to meet Park requirements in respect of a framework. In summary, these are as follows:
In addition to the proposal to adopt METS as the basis for the framework for Phase II, two further recommendations were made on the basis of the analysis of general requirements itemised above.
As will be evident, the METS-based framework proposed above provides a suitable framework within which to meet the metadata requirements of MoPark and the Park. As indicated earlier, however, there are problems in identifying the detailed requirement at this point in project development - problems that cannot be readily resolved through discussion and analysis as yet. Moving forward will require - at minimum - further work with actual examples of the complex digital objects (Interpretive Journeys) likely to form the primary elements of the Level 1 and 2 requirements, more experience amongst project and Park personnel of the issues and problems associated with managing complex digital objects, and an in-depth survey of the likely range of other digital objects, their usage, and their life-cycles.
A phased approach to determining the detailed requirements as regards metadata, metadata standards, and metadata management is therefore both necessary and sensible. This approach has been discussed and agreed with the project leaders and will be reported in a later paper.
Two points of interest worth noting emerged from the initial stages of the Appraisal process. First, whilst this type of phased approach to the determination of metadata requirements will not be either appropriate or necessary in all cases, it is likely to be of value in cases with similarities to the MoPark situation. Specifically, where:
The author is aware of at least one other current project (DIDET Project, 2004) where similar conditions apply and where a similar phased approach is both appropriate and necessary.
The challenge in MoPark - and one that is likely to arise in other, similar, projects - was to convince the project team that a phased approach need not threaten project scheduling. The initial assumption of the MoPark team had been that metadata requirements would be determined in the first few months of the project, would inform the design of the DAMS, and inform the training of the staff who would use it to manage the digital repository. This would have allowed management processes to begin as soon as the digital objects became available to catalogue - around the end of year 1 of the project.
In the event, it was relatively easy to persuade the team, not only that this approach was neither possible nor in the best interests of the project, but also that it was, given their circumstances, not necessary. Only two of the complex Interpretive Journeys were likely to be available by the end of year 1 - and, whilst these would comprise, between them, much larger numbers of component digital objects, the pressure to create metadata quickly to manage them was not as great as initially proposed. Implications for the design of the DAMS were an issue, but this issue too was resolved easily enough. METS provided an indication of the likely types of metadata, of the likely need to be able to output the metadata as a METS document in XML, and of the need to allow a Park DAMS administrator to add new fields as required under each metadata type within DAMS. This was more than enough to inform the initial work on the system prototype - particularly when combined with other facilities likely to be needed in any such system (in-context help, error checking, authority control, and so on).
Second, a working assumption was formulated that will inform the development and field-testing of both the DAMS and (albeit to a lesser extent) the detailed metadata requirements as they emerge. This is that a key requirement for the effective management of the digital composites called Interpretive Journeys is the creation of an online environment for metadata management that will not be a barrier in any sense to the individual and collective application of staff expertise to the level required for the various tasks entailed in managing these composite materials and their constituent digital objects.
Within the timescale allotted for the original Metadata Options Appraisal it has been possible to determine the general requirements of MoPark and the Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park in respect of metadata, metadata standards, and metadata management, and to identify a framework within which these requirements can be met.
Since early analysis suggests that it will not be feasible to determine all of the detail of the requirement without creating and field-testing at least one of the proposed Interpretive Journeys, and that fully determining the requirements in respect of the other two levels (and Level 3 requirements in particular) will face similar (but longer term) difficulties, a phased approach to agreeing the full and detailed requirement was recommended. Phase 1:
The framework proposed has three elements:
This framework will guide Phase II of the Appraisal, the results of which will be reported in a later paper.
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