Crucial words for abelian powers

Glen, Amy and Halldorsson, Bjarni and Kitaev, Sergey; Diekert, Volker and Nowotka, Dirk, eds. (2009) Crucial words for abelian powers. In: Developments in Language Theory. Lecture Notes in Computer Science . Springer-Verlag Berlin, DEU, pp. 264-275. ISBN 978-3-642-02736-9 (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02737-6_21)

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Abstract

Let k ≥ 2 be an integer. An abelian k -th power is a word of the form X 1 X 2 ⋯ X k where X i is a permutation of X 1 for 2 ≤ i ≤ k. In this paper, we consider crucial words for abelian k-th powers, i.e., finite words that avoid abelian k-th powers, but which cannot be extended to the right by any letter of their own alphabets without creating an abelian k-th power. More specifically, we consider the problem of determining the minimal length of a crucial word avoiding abelian k-th powers. This problem has already been solved for abelian squares by Evdokimov and Kitaev [6], who showed that a minimal crucial word over an n-letter alphabet An={1,2,…,n} avoiding abelian squares has length 4n − 7 for n ≥ 3. Extending this result, we prove that a minimal crucial word over An avoiding abelian cubes has length 9n − 13 for n ≥ 5, and it has length 2, 5, 11, and 20 for n = 1,2,3, and 4, respectively. Moreover, for n ≥ 4 and k ≥ 2, we give a construction of length k 2(n − 1) − k − 1 of a crucial word over An avoiding abelian k-th powers. This construction gives the minimal length for k = 2 and k = 3.

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